19. Wheat Production Technology

Wheat

Scientific Name:

Tritichum Aestivum L

Introduction:

1. Wheat is grown on different land areas globally than other crops and is close to 1/3 of rice and corn in total world production.
2. With manufacturing achieving ten times in 5 years, India is the second largest wheat producer in the world.
3. Various research and researches display that wheat and wheat flour play a more and more vital function within the control of the Indian meals economy.
4. Wheat production is set at 70 million tonnes consistent with yr in India and counts for approximately 12 compatible with cent of global manufacturing.
5. Being the second biggest in population, it's also the second biggest in wheat consumption after China, with a significant and developing wheat demand.
6. Essential wheat-developing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Bihar. All of the north is replenished with wheat cultivation.
7. Wheat has a slender geographic land base for manufacturing as compared to rice or pulses. Wheat is a temperate crop requiring low temperatures and most of the country is tropical.
8. India's wheat production increase is pushed basically by yield increase and via a shift in production from other crops to wheat and a boom in cropping intensity.
9. Some of the principal elements that affect yield, fertilizer use seems to have much less effect in the latest years at the same time as growth in irrigated and high-yielding variety (HYV) places appear to play a more important role in raising yield.
10. Relying on the population and profits growth, poverty comfort, and the price of urbanization, a call for-deliver gap may also open at the cost of about 1 to two cents according to year, which is equal to zero.7 to at least one. Four, million tonnes of wheat, growing hefty over the years.
11. Promoting fast financial improvement and earnings growth in India which embraces the terrible and especially the rural bad may result in considerable growth in the call for wheat and for that reason a diffusion in alternate possibilities.

Economic Importance of Wheat:

• Wheat by myself accounts for 14 percent of the cost added in agriculture and provides three percent of the country’s GDP in line with the Ministry Of Finance (2009). Wheat is the maximum vital agricultural crop; Its miles grew through approximately eighty percent of farmers on about nine million ha, Which is close to 40 percent of the country’s general cultivated land, According to reliable assets in Pakistan.
• The crop also has money owed for an expected 37 percent of both meal's energy and protein intakes. Its miles therefore the single maximum critical meal crop in Pakistan. Those elements exhibit the position and importance of wheat in Pakistan’s economy and public support to the agriculture region.

Production Technology:

Seed-bed preparation:

    2-3 ploughings and 2 cultivations followed using planking are enough to put together a seed bed.

Sowing Time:

• It's miles rabi season crop. In barani regions: 20th October – tenth November
• In irrigated regions, the optimum sowing time is 1st November – fifteenth November
• Sowing after November results in 10-12 kg grain yield reduction in step with acre per day.

Seed Rate:

• 40-50 kg/acre (60 kg/acre in case of December sowing). If germination is much less than 90%, then the seed charge should be multiplied.

Sowing Methods:

    In barani regions: Line sowing with pora or drill

• In irrigated regions: Sowing with automated rabi drill is pleasant. If the drill isn't always to be had, then kera. Or seed may be broadcasted however seed fee should be multiplied by way of about five%.
• In the case of overdue sowing or saline soils, shallow dry sowing observed by irrigation is the best.
• According to care, the premier plant population of wheat is 10-12 lac flora.

Fertilizer:

• Fertilizers should be implemented in line with the fertility repute of soil (in irrigated regions) and with rainfall (in barani areas). Less fertile soils require extra fertilizer and more significant rainfall regions require more fertilizer.
• The full P and k have to be carried out in irrigated areas at seedbed education. However, N is applied in 2 splits, ½ N at seed mattress training and ½ N with 1st or 2nd irrigation.

Irrigation:

    It requires 3-4 irrigations:

• 1st irrigation: 20-25 days after sowing (DAS) at Crown root initiation (CRI) degree (when adventitious root development starts offevolved), 30-40 DAS in rice areas.
• 2nd irrigation: 15-45 DAS at tillering (wherein secondary shoots get up from the principal or primary shoot). Tiller is a shoot having its very own root, stem, leaves, and inflorescence. The first tiller arises 15 Das with a brand new tiller after every 4-five days and keeps until forty-five DAS. Irrigation throughout this level complements tiller development.
• 3rd irrigation: eighty-90 DAS at the booting stage while the spike is growing inside the flag leaf and close to emergence.  Irrigation for the duration of this degree complements spike length and quantity of tillers according to the point.
• 4th Irrigation: one hundred twenty-five-one hundred thirty DAS during milking degree of grain development. Irrigation at some stage in this stage will increase grain length and weight.
• If sufficient water isn't always available, then lessen the variety of irrigations to 2-3 at the maximum essential crucial increase tiers i.e. CRI, booting, and milking stages.

Measures for plant protection:

Weeds:

15-20% discount in yield takes place because of weeds.

Cultural manipulation: 1. Daab (delayed planting) is performed with double rain irrigation.

2. Crop rotation wherein the wheat field is sown with some other rabi crop within the next season e.g. Berseem and many others. With it, tough weeds like wild oat or dumbi sitti are managed.

3. Hoeing or intercultural with bar harrow after 1st or second irrigation.

Chemical control: Pre-emergence herbicides e.g. Stomp or Treflan @ 1.3-2 L /acre for controlling BL weeds and grasses.

Post-emergence herbicides e.g. Buctril fantastic for BL weeds; topic, Puma is excellent for grasses.

Insect Pests:

• Grasshoppers, crickets, aphids, armyworms, and white ants.
• Grasshoppers and white ants assault at the seedling stage and are greater extreme in rainfed areas.
• Aphid, Armyworm attack at heading.
• A spray of suitable pesticides is recommended earlier than grain improvement.

Diseases:

    Stem rust, leaf rust, black rust, and stripe rust are severe. In team rust, brick-pink spore-containing pustules appear on all plant components in patches. In loose smut, floral parts are converted into a black powdery mass.

Harvesting:

    The crop matures when plants begin drying and yellowing. In-plane regions, regions of Punjab, wheat harvesting starts in mid-April and maintains until cease may also. In hilly areas, wheat is harvested in June and July. The crop is harvested via sickle or by integrated harvester or tractor set-up reapers. Combine harvester harvests in addition to threshing the crop

Storage:

    After harvesting, the grain has to be dried enough for safe storage. Luggage, bins, and stores must be fumigated to avoid the attack of saved grain pests and rats.

Varieties:

    Genetically resistant varieties like Akbar-19, Markaz-19, Ghazi -19, Anaj-17, Barani-17, Ujala-16, Jauhar-16, Fatehjang-16, Gold-sixteen, Borlaug-sixteen, Pakistan-13, Millet -eleven, NARC-11, AAS-11, Faisalabad-08, Fakhar e Bhakkar,  Bhakkar star, and Zincol are nevertheless recommended for cultivation in the field.

References:

1

2

3

4

5

6