21. Cotton Production Technology

 Cotton

Scientific Name:

Gossypium herbaceum

Botany of Cotton:

It belongs to the circle of the family "Malvaceae".

Kinds: 

1. Gossypium hirsutum (American cotton) – used for fiber
2. Gossypium arboretum (Desi cotton) – used for cotton
3. Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian cotton)

• Root: It has a tap-root solid gadget up to two hundred cm deep in the soil.
• Stem: Erect, circular and woody stem (1-five toes excessive) with several lateral branches. The most crucial step includes branches and leaves but no flowers. Units are of two types i.e. Monopodial branches (2-4 in number) do now not endure flower and fruit, and sympodial branches that directly undergo flower and fruit. 
• Leaves: Leaves are hairy with 5-7 lobes.
• Flower: The flower bud is referred to as rectangular (Gudi). Self-pollination happens in cotton.
• Fruit: Fruit is known as a boll or pill. Immature segments of the boll upon its beginning are known as locules which can be 2-6 in variety. While the boll opens at adulthood, it yields a fluffy mass of fibers called lint with seeds Lint + seed is called seed cotton at the same time as seeds are known as cotton seeds. It contains 15% protein and 25% oil.

Economic Importance of Cotton:

• In Pakistan function of cotton in GDP is 1% and in value, the addition is 5.1% location below cotton cultivation is two.917 million hectares, production in step 12 months is 10.074 million tones and yield in line with hectare is 587kg. 
• Pakistan is in 4th wide variety in cotton production. 
• China is the first maximum cotton generating us within international India and U.S.A. They are on 2nd and third range. 
• The middle area of cotton production in Pakistan is Multan, Khanewal, Vehari, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, D.G. Khan, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Layyah, and Rahimyar Khan.

Climate and Locality:

• Grow in Tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Soil temperature must be 15-20 degree Celsius. 
• Harvesting app. 150-200 days.

Properties of soil for cotton growth:

• It grows well in fertile soil.
• It ranges from sandy to very heavy clays.
• The best cotton lands are the mixtures of clay and sandy loam.

Production Technology of Cotton:

Seed-bed preparation:

    Deep plowing should be carried out to break a hard pan because its root penetrates deep into the soil. The steps for land preparation are 1 rotavator, 3 cultivations, and a pair of plankings.

Sowing time and varieties:

A) Early sowing: 15 March - 15 May additionally

Early sowing varieties: Ali Akbar-703, Sitara-008, Neelum-121, Tarzan-1, MNH- 886, VH- 259, BH-178, CIM-599, CIM-602, FH-118, FH-142, IR NIAB- 824, IUB-222, Sitara 11M, A -555, K2-181, Sayban-201, Tarzan-2

B) Late sowing: 15th April - 15th May can also be done.

Late sowing varieties: IR-3701, MG-6, Ali Akbar-802, GN Hybrid-2085

    Recommended sowing time for higher Punjab is April, for critical Punjab, it can also and for South Punjab is May and June

Seed Rate:

• 6-10 kg/acre for bed sowing
• 8-12 kg/acre for drill sowing.

Sowing methods:

1. Bed Sowing
2. Drill Sowing

1. Bed Sowing:

• Ridge to Ridge distance = 60-75 cm
• Plant to Plant distance = 9-12 inches
• After the seed mattress, beds are made through ridge-bed shaper which makes 75 cm huge bed furrows. Furrow intensity is 7 inches. On both margins of beds, sowing can be accomplished manually by using labor, or a mattress planter may be used.
• In the case of manual sowing, irrigation is implemented in furrows and just after irrigation, 2-four seeds are sown manually 2.5 cm above the water stage.
• In the planter sowing, sowing is executed on both the beds' margins using a bed planter. After sowing, irrigation is applied in furrows 5 cm beneath the seed.

2. Drill Sowing:

• Row to Row distance = 75 cm
• P to P distance = 6-9 inches (through thinning at 20-25 DAS)
• Seed intensity 2-2.5 inches
• After first irrigation, it is earthing up that needs to be executed in alternate rows to make beds. Its miles managed to keep irrigation water up to twenty-30% and excess water will be tired out.

Fertilizer Application:

• For early sowing apply 161 N, 46-70 P2O5, and 50 kg/acre K2O
• For late sowing use 80 N, 35-58 P2O5, and 38 kg/acre K2O
• P and K use whole at first and N applies in 3 terms
• 1/3 at sowing
• 1/3 at first irrigation
• 1/3 at flowering
• If deficiency signs and symptoms of B and Zn seem, those ought to be carried out through foliar utility at forty-five, 60, and 90 days after sowing. Boric acid (17%) @ 300g per100L water (five kg) and ZnSO4 (33%) @ 250 g per a hundred L water (6 kg)

Irrigation:

    6-8 irrigations are required for cotton in both methods.

Measures for Plant Protection:

Weeds:

• These can reason up to 20-30% loss in cotton yield due to weeds.
• Essential weeds of cotton are Itsit, deela, tandla, lehli, chulai, kulfa, madhana, lumb ghaas, hazardani, chibber, parthinam, makro, hulhul etc.

Physical Control:

• Hoeing through khurpa or kasula

Chemical Control:

A) Pre-emergence herbicides: those are carried out earlier than crop emergence within 24 hrs of crop sowing

1. Pendimethalin @ 1L/A both for large-leaved weeds and grasses

2. S-metolachlor @ 800ml/A each for enormous leaved weeds and grasses

3. Pendimethalin + S-metolachlor (dual gold) @ 800ml/A

4. Acetochlor+ Pendimethalin @1L/A

B) Post-emergency herbicides:

1. Haloxyfop @350 ml/A for grasses

2. Quizilafop-p-ethyl 15EC @ one hundred-a hundred and twenty ml/A for all weeds

3. Quizilafop-p-ethyl 5EC @ four hundred-500 ml/A for all weeds

Insect Pests:

1. Sucking bugs:

• Aphid, jassid, whitefly, thrips, mites, mealy insects, dusky cotton malicious program
• A spray of Confidor, Imdacloprid, Buperofezin, Acetamiprid, Talstar, and many others.

2. Borers:

• I noticed bollworms, red bollworms, American bollworms, military worm
• A spray of Karate, Cypermethrin, Spinosad, Chlorpyrifos

Diseases and their Symptoms:

Verticillium wilt: A fungal disorder that reasons yellowing and wilting of leaves and stems.

Fusarium wilt: A fungal disease that influences the roots and stem of the plant, inflicting yellowing, wilting, and eventual death.

Bacterial blight: A bacterial disorder that reasons yellowing and wilting of leaves and might additionally cause plant death.

Cotton leafroll dwarf virus: A viral ailment that reasons stunting and yellowing of the plant.

Target spot is a fungal disease that reasons circular spots at the leaves, mainly defoliation, and decreased yield.

Alternaria leaf spot: A fungal sickness that reasons round or irregularly fashioned darkish spots at the leaves, which can cause defoliation and decreased yield.

Harvesting:

    The primary steps in the cotton harvesting manner are:

• Maturity assessment: The cotton flowers are monitored for adulthood and boll beginning to determine the most useful time for harvesting.
• Cutting: The cotton flowers are cut with the use of either a mechanical cotton picker or a guide cotton stripper. The mechanical picker makes use of a rotating drum to cast off the cotton bolls from the plant, while the manual stripper involves manually doing away with the bolls by hand.
• Gathering: The harvested cotton bolls are amassed into massive piles or into cotton modules, which are large cylindrical bales of cotton.
• Transport: The harvested cotton is transported to a gin (short for "engine"), which is processed to separate the cotton fibers from the seeds and different plant debris.
• Ginning: The gin uses a mixture of mechanical and manual methods to separate the cotton fibers from the seeds and other plant particles.
• Baling: The wiped-clean cotton fibers are then compressed into bales, which are packaged and saved for later use within the manufacturing of cotton products.

    The timing and methods used for cotton harvesting can affect the first class and amount of cotton produced, so it's far critical to control the manner to maximize yields and limit waste cautiously.

References:

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19. Wheat Production Technology

Wheat

Scientific Name:

Tritichum Aestivum L

Introduction:

1. Wheat is grown on different land areas globally than other crops and is close to 1/3 of rice and corn in total world production.
2. With manufacturing achieving ten times in 5 years, India is the second largest wheat producer in the world.
3. Various research and researches display that wheat and wheat flour play a more and more vital function within the control of the Indian meals economy.
4. Wheat production is set at 70 million tonnes consistent with yr in India and counts for approximately 12 compatible with cent of global manufacturing.
5. Being the second biggest in population, it's also the second biggest in wheat consumption after China, with a significant and developing wheat demand.
6. Essential wheat-developing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Bihar. All of the north is replenished with wheat cultivation.
7. Wheat has a slender geographic land base for manufacturing as compared to rice or pulses. Wheat is a temperate crop requiring low temperatures and most of the country is tropical.
8. India's wheat production increase is pushed basically by yield increase and via a shift in production from other crops to wheat and a boom in cropping intensity.
9. Some of the principal elements that affect yield, fertilizer use seems to have much less effect in the latest years at the same time as growth in irrigated and high-yielding variety (HYV) places appear to play a more important role in raising yield.
10. Relying on the population and profits growth, poverty comfort, and the price of urbanization, a call for-deliver gap may also open at the cost of about 1 to two cents according to year, which is equal to zero.7 to at least one. Four, million tonnes of wheat, growing hefty over the years.
11. Promoting fast financial improvement and earnings growth in India which embraces the terrible and especially the rural bad may result in considerable growth in the call for wheat and for that reason a diffusion in alternate possibilities.

Economic Importance of Wheat:

• Wheat by myself accounts for 14 percent of the cost added in agriculture and provides three percent of the country’s GDP in line with the Ministry Of Finance (2009). Wheat is the maximum vital agricultural crop; Its miles grew through approximately eighty percent of farmers on about nine million ha, Which is close to 40 percent of the country’s general cultivated land, According to reliable assets in Pakistan.
• The crop also has money owed for an expected 37 percent of both meal's energy and protein intakes. Its miles therefore the single maximum critical meal crop in Pakistan. Those elements exhibit the position and importance of wheat in Pakistan’s economy and public support to the agriculture region.

Production Technology:

Seed-bed preparation:

    2-3 ploughings and 2 cultivations followed using planking are enough to put together a seed bed.

Sowing Time:

• It's miles rabi season crop. In barani regions: 20th October – tenth November
• In irrigated regions, the optimum sowing time is 1st November – fifteenth November
• Sowing after November results in 10-12 kg grain yield reduction in step with acre per day.

Seed Rate:

• 40-50 kg/acre (60 kg/acre in case of December sowing). If germination is much less than 90%, then the seed charge should be multiplied.

Sowing Methods:

    In barani regions: Line sowing with pora or drill

• In irrigated regions: Sowing with automated rabi drill is pleasant. If the drill isn't always to be had, then kera. Or seed may be broadcasted however seed fee should be multiplied by way of about five%.
• In the case of overdue sowing or saline soils, shallow dry sowing observed by irrigation is the best.
• According to care, the premier plant population of wheat is 10-12 lac flora.

Fertilizer:

• Fertilizers should be implemented in line with the fertility repute of soil (in irrigated regions) and with rainfall (in barani areas). Less fertile soils require extra fertilizer and more significant rainfall regions require more fertilizer.
• The full P and k have to be carried out in irrigated areas at seedbed education. However, N is applied in 2 splits, ½ N at seed mattress training and ½ N with 1st or 2nd irrigation.

Irrigation:

    It requires 3-4 irrigations:

• 1st irrigation: 20-25 days after sowing (DAS) at Crown root initiation (CRI) degree (when adventitious root development starts offevolved), 30-40 DAS in rice areas.
• 2nd irrigation: 15-45 DAS at tillering (wherein secondary shoots get up from the principal or primary shoot). Tiller is a shoot having its very own root, stem, leaves, and inflorescence. The first tiller arises 15 Das with a brand new tiller after every 4-five days and keeps until forty-five DAS. Irrigation throughout this level complements tiller development.
• 3rd irrigation: eighty-90 DAS at the booting stage while the spike is growing inside the flag leaf and close to emergence.  Irrigation for the duration of this degree complements spike length and quantity of tillers according to the point.
• 4th Irrigation: one hundred twenty-five-one hundred thirty DAS during milking degree of grain development. Irrigation at some stage in this stage will increase grain length and weight.
• If sufficient water isn't always available, then lessen the variety of irrigations to 2-3 at the maximum essential crucial increase tiers i.e. CRI, booting, and milking stages.

Measures for plant protection:

Weeds:

15-20% discount in yield takes place because of weeds.

Cultural manipulation: 1. Daab (delayed planting) is performed with double rain irrigation.

2. Crop rotation wherein the wheat field is sown with some other rabi crop within the next season e.g. Berseem and many others. With it, tough weeds like wild oat or dumbi sitti are managed.

3. Hoeing or intercultural with bar harrow after 1st or second irrigation.

Chemical control: Pre-emergence herbicides e.g. Stomp or Treflan @ 1.3-2 L /acre for controlling BL weeds and grasses.

Post-emergence herbicides e.g. Buctril fantastic for BL weeds; topic, Puma is excellent for grasses.

Insect Pests:

• Grasshoppers, crickets, aphids, armyworms, and white ants.
• Grasshoppers and white ants assault at the seedling stage and are greater extreme in rainfed areas.
• Aphid, Armyworm attack at heading.
• A spray of suitable pesticides is recommended earlier than grain improvement.

Diseases:

    Stem rust, leaf rust, black rust, and stripe rust are severe. In team rust, brick-pink spore-containing pustules appear on all plant components in patches. In loose smut, floral parts are converted into a black powdery mass.

Harvesting:

    The crop matures when plants begin drying and yellowing. In-plane regions, regions of Punjab, wheat harvesting starts in mid-April and maintains until cease may also. In hilly areas, wheat is harvested in June and July. The crop is harvested via sickle or by integrated harvester or tractor set-up reapers. Combine harvester harvests in addition to threshing the crop

Storage:

    After harvesting, the grain has to be dried enough for safe storage. Luggage, bins, and stores must be fumigated to avoid the attack of saved grain pests and rats.

Varieties:

    Genetically resistant varieties like Akbar-19, Markaz-19, Ghazi -19, Anaj-17, Barani-17, Ujala-16, Jauhar-16, Fatehjang-16, Gold-sixteen, Borlaug-sixteen, Pakistan-13, Millet -eleven, NARC-11, AAS-11, Faisalabad-08, Fakhar e Bhakkar,  Bhakkar star, and Zincol are nevertheless recommended for cultivation in the field.

References:

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