18. Different Types of Cropping systems used in Agriculture

 Cropping systems

Definition:

    It's far described as the order wherein the crops are grown or cultivated on a chunk or piece of land over a fixed duration.

Types of Cropping systems:

1. monoculture

2. Multiple cropping

3. Following or Fallow in rotation

1. Monoculture:

    The cultivation or growth of a single crop or organism mainly on agricultural or woodland land.

eg. Rice-Rice, Bajra-Bajra

Advantages:

• Convenience in sowing with the help of machinery under mechanized farming.
•  it's miles handy for harvesting with the help of equipment.

Disadvantages:

• Now and then fertility and productivity of the soil are diminished if suitable soil management practices aren't followed.
• Soil shape may deteriorate.
• Growth infestation of pests, illnesses, and weeds.

2. Multiple Cropping:

    The cropping machine wherein two or greater vegetation is grown either in succession or sequence or association for the complete or part duration of their lifestyles cycles at equal discipline in a yr are called multiple cropping.

eg. Maize-Wheat-green gram

    It is further divided into two types:

1. Parallel multiple cropping 
2. Sequential multiple cropping

1. Parallel Multiple Cropping:

When two or more plants are grown in association for part of the complete duration of their lifestyles cycle is referred to as parallel multiple cropping. 

Advantages:

• The threat of failure of the crop is less
•  Fulfills the day-by-day necessities of meals grains, oilseeds, pulses, etc.
•  Enhance fertility of the soil if legumes are taken as a minor crop
•  Better distribution of labor via the cropped length
•  Increase gross monetary returns
•  Nicely balanced livestock feed is acquired
•  Safeguards in opposition to pests and illnesses
•  Full usage of area and to be had plant nutrients

Disadvantages:

• Sometimes manipulation of pests, diseases, and weeds emerge as tough
• A few instances impact the yield of the predominant crop
• Harvesting with the assistance of equipment is not viable
• Tough to perform unique subject operations with more labor requirement
•  Due care is wanted whilst deciding on crop harvesting with the help of equipment is hard.
•  Intercultural operations aren't feasible.
•  Opposition to many of the resources is greater.
•  Harvesting makes time ingesting/tough.

It consists of the following cropping systems:

• Mixed Cropping
• Intercropping
• Relay Cropping
• Alley Cropping
• Multistroyed cropping

Mixed Cropping:

    Developing two or more crops concurrently and not using a distinct row arrangement is known as combined cropping.

eg. Maize+ Green gram + Pigeon pea

Intercropping:

    It's a far cropping system wherein intercrop is grown in between rows of the important crop, without affecting the finest plant populace in addition to yield of the primary crop (base crop) or developing or more vegetation concurrently at the equal piece land with distinct row associations is called intercropping.

eg. Maize, Pigeon pea (2:1)

Relay Cropping:

    It's far the cropping device in which the succeeding crop (next crop) is sown or planted whilst the first crop (preceding crop) has reached its physiological maturity stage or before it is ready to harvest is called relay cropping. eg. RiceLinseed/lentil/black gram/chickpea.

Alley Cropping:

    The machine of developing jawar, maize, bajra, or every other arable crop within the alleys (passage among rows) of leguminous shrubs like sublabel (Leucaena leucacephala) is referred to as alley cropping.

Multistroyed Cropping:

    In this system the plants of various top and vertical layers of leaf canopies, daylight requirements, and root systems are grown together on the same field is called multi-storeyed cropping.

eg. Growing pineapple, sweet potato, black pepper, etc. 

2. Sequential Multiple Cropping:

    Sequential Cropping involves growing vegetation within an equal area, one after the alternative within the same year.

Advantages:

1. It increases the entire manufacturing and gross monetary returns from the unit area in a year.
2.  Fulfills various wishes for food grains, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fodder, and many others.
3.  Allows even distribution of labor at some point of the 12 months.
4.  Better usage of land, labor, electricity, and different resources at the farm.
5. Every day goes with the flow of income throughout the year.

Disadvantages:

1. Fertility and productivity of the soil are decreased or exhausted if proper soil management practices are allowed.
2. Every so often it influences the shape of the soil because of continuous cropping and irrigation.
3. On occasion control of pests, diseases, and weeds become tough.

It has further two types:

1. Sequential cropping:

    It is the multiple cropping systems in which or greater vegetation is grown in sequence on an identical piece of land in a year or over a fixed length.

Types:

a. Double cropping

b. Triple cropping
c. Quadruple cropping

2. Ratooning:

    A crop rotation may be described as a more or much less systematic recurrent succession of plants on an identical piece of land.

eg. Jawar-Gram, Groundnut-Wheat

Note:

If you want to find more details about each system then visit the links which are given in each system. 

References:

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