20. Rice Production Technology

 Rice

Scientific Name:

Oryza sativa L.

Rice Botany:

• It's miles a self-pollinated plant. 
• It produces four to five tillers. 
• The stem or culm is hollow, erect, and accessible. 
• It consists of nodes and internodes. 
• The leaf consists of a long, slim leaf blade and a loose-leaf sheath with generally long ligules. 
• The inflorescence is unfastened, with many-branched panicles, every bearing many spikelets. 
• The root system is shallow and consequently concentrates in the topsoil layer to an intensity of 20 to 25 cm. 
• It consists of seminal or seed root, and adventitious root, arising from nodes close to the soil surface. Safe-to-eat seeds are borne in a dense head (called panicle) on separate stalks. It's miles a long day plant that's self-pollinated.

Economic Importance of Rice:

• It's by far the critical meal crop of the world and is the staple meal in South East Asia at present extra than half of the global populace relies upon this crop for its nutritional wishes. It occupies 2nd function after wheat in Pakistan and plays an important position in Pakistan’s economic system as billions of bucks are earned yearly by its export. 
• In Pakistan, all through the year 2018-19 its region is 2.8 million ha with a total manufacturing of 7.20 million tons with an average paddy yield of 2562 kg/ha.

Production Technology of Rice:

• The nursery must not be sown before 20 May to prevent the rice from the attack by insects.
• Super Basmati, Basmati 385, PK 386, and Chenab Basmati these varieties have the time of sowing for their nursery is 1st June-20 June and the time of planting for this is 1st July-20 July.

Methods for nursery sowing:

These the following three which discussed given below:

• wet bed method
• Dry bed method
• Raab method

Wet bed method:

• Soak the seed in water for twenty-four hours, after that cover the source with moist jute bags and area it beneath the shade.
• The seed will germinate after 36-forty eight hours.
• Irrigate, plow, puddle, and degree the sector.
• Put together beds of 1 to 1.5 m width, 4-five cm height & any convenient period.
• Germinated seed is sown with broadcast technique @ 1kg/Marla for ARRI sorts and @ 500-750g/Marla for Basmati types.
• 1-1. Five-inch water should be a gift before broadcasting the pre-germinated seed at night.
• Drainage the water the next night and irrigate it in the subsequent morning. Repeat it for one week.
• Preserve a water level of two-5 cm, depending on the peak of seedlings.
• If the seedling weakens, observe urea 250g in line with Marla.
• Seedlings might be ready for transplanting in 25-30 days.
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Dry Bed Method:

• Practiced wherein puddling is not possible as soils are loamy or silt loam.
• The plot is ready in water situations after irrigation.
• Dry seed is sown with broadcast method @ 1.5 kg/Marla for ARRI varieties and 750g/Marla for Basmati varieties.
• The straw layer is spread and irrigation is implemented.
• The straw layer is eliminated after some days to facilitate sunlight.
• The seedling might be ready in 35-40 days.

Raab method:

• Practiced in areas of D.G. Khan and Muzaffargarh wherein soil is challenging.
• The uprooting of the nursery is tough.
• Nursery plots are leveled.
• Crop residues (5cm layer) spread uniformly and burnt.
• Ash is pressed on the soil after cooling.
• Dry seed is sown with broadcast approach @ 2kg/Marla for ARRI sorts and @ 1kg/Marla for Basmati varieties.
• The seedling can be prepared in 35-40 days.
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Land Preparation for Transplanting:

• Irrigate the sector until the status water situation is a minimum of three days before puddling.
• In wetlands, a waterproof layer is created at an intensity of about 20cm.
• Degree the sphere during puddling.
• Use ‘Raja Hal” in high clayey soils with more water availability earlier than puddling.
• Transplant the nursery as quickly as feasible after area guidance.
• Puddling isn't always executed in salt-affected soils as salts will no longer leach down.

Transplanting:

• Seedling age needs at most 30-forty days on the transplanting.
• Irrigate the sector 1-2 days before uprooting the seedling as it facilitates the uprooting.
• Transplanting must be executed in 1. Five-inch-deep water.
• Maintain water depth at 1.5 inches for the first week of transplanting annat at 3 inches.
• Do now not use damaged or diseased flowers for transplanting.
• Use two flora in keeping with hollow with a nine × 9-inch distance.
• As 80000 holes and 160000 plants in line with acre.
• Location some seedling bundles near field banks in water to refill the gaps in 7-10 days’ length.

Fertilizer Application:

• IRRI-6, KS282, KSK133, and KSK 434 when sown after wheat then apply N 69, P 41, K 32 form urea, SSP, and K2SO4. 

Irrigation:

• Standing water has to be present in the rice field for 25-30 days after transplanting.
• Water intensity must be 1-2 inches.
• Stop irrigation before 15 days of ripening.

Measures for Plant Protection:

• All weeds should be removed within a month after transplanting.
• Weeds reduce the yield and deteriorate the high quality.
• The crop rotation method allows governing weeds.
• Keep the water stage up to three inches for 30 days if available.
• Use recommended herbicide 3-five to days after transplanting.
• Consult the rural professionals for endorsed herbicides.
• Do now not let the sphere dry for one week after the herbicide utility

Diseases Treatment:

• Use sickness-resistant sorts.
• Treat the seed with encouraged fungicide.
• Burn the crop residues after harvesting.
• Concern the agriculture workforce for in addition steerage.

Insect Control:

• Damage the insect eggs and nymphs.
• Use alternative plant life or weeds for insect feed.
• Biological manipulation techniques also can be used.
• The light trapper can also help to govern bugs.
• Crop rotation can reduce the probability of insect attack.
• Use suitable insecticides for bugs.

Harvesting of Rice:

• Timely harvesting is essential for optimum yield.
• 20-22% moisture in grain is an excellent time for harvesting.
• After harvesting yield must be reached in the market well timed.
• Save the product after 4-6 days of drying (at 12-13 % moisture).
• Traditional harvesting is an extra complex and time-eating method.
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Rice Varieties:

    Pakistan is one of the most important manufacturers and customers of rice. A number of the generally grown and fed rice sorts in Pakistan include:

1. Basmati Rice - a protracted grain, fragrant rice with a sensitive taste
2. IRRI Rice - medium grain rice, broadly grown inside the Indus Valley area
3. D-98 Rice - an excessive-yielding type of IRRI rice, regarded for its company texture
4. PUSA Basmati Rice - a diffusion of Basmati rice with an exceptional aroma and flavor
5. Kainat Rice - a hybrid variety of Basmati rice, recognized for its outstanding cooking first-rate
6. Splendid Basmati Rice - a high-yielding form of Basmati rice, regarded for its lengthy grain length.

    These are a number of the famous rice varieties grown and consumed in Pakistan.

NOTE:

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