24. Mango Production Technology

 Mango

Scientific Name:

Mangifira indica

Introduction:

    Mango is the second essential fruit crop in Pakistan. At present, it is grown in a place of ninety-three. Forty-two thousand hectares with manufacturing 915.7 thousand tonnes. The region below the mango crop has increased however the upward push in production is comparatively gradual. The primary mango-growing districts in the Punjab province are Multan, Bahawalpur, Muzzaffar garh and Rahim yar Khan. Inside the province of Sindh, its miles grew in Mir pur Khas, Hyderabad, and Thatta inside the province of NWFP it is grown in Peshawar and Mardan. The weather of Sindh gets warmer about one month in advance than the Punjab which has given the province the privilege to develop early sorts of mango. Sooner or later, a new trend of growing past due types in Punjab has obtained huge popularity which has prolonged the market duration and introduced the exportable surplus.

Importance:

• It also includes copper, folate, potassium, magnesium, and manganese the side of vitamins A, B5, B6, C, E, and k. Mangoes are also high in antioxidants and packed with immunity-boosting nutrients.
• In addition, the dietary benefits of mangoes encompass safety in opposition to macular degeneration and respiratory diseases.
• This delicious fruit is nutritionally advanced, and supplies of numerous vitamins and minerals. Pakistan produces 5.86 percent of global's mangoes being the third largest manufacturer. Its export is progressing ensuing in vast foreign exchange income. Mango export along with center East has additionally determined its manner to the United Kingdom and other European markets. It is believed that the call could upward push to as high as 50 percent given the right impetus and expanding the export to Germany, Japan China, and Hong Kong.

Climate and soil conditions:

The ecological conditions appropriate for mango cultivation are:

• Elevations range from 200 to 300 meters.
• suitable temperature variety is 15 to 40oC. Low temperatures are extremely dangerous. Frosts and warm winds purpose brilliant harm to the trees. Younger flowers need protection against frost and hot winds.
• Warm and humid weather is appropriate. In regions with heavy rainfall, the quality of fruit can be affected.
• Mango can be grown in a huge range of soils however well tired, deep, and fertile soils are most appropriate. Salt-affected soil is not top for its cultivation.

Propagation:

Propagation is finished by numerous means of grafting on neighborhood seedlings.

Suitable age of nursery plant for transplanting:                              1.5  to 2 years

Time for transplanting:                                                                      

In spring:              Feb/March

In Autumn:            Sept/Oct

Time to start bearing:                                                                    4-5 years

Time to complete bearing:                                                             6-7 years
Ordinary financial bearing lifestyles:                                           30-50 years
Time of flowering:                                                                          Feb/Mar

Main Varieties used in different regions of Pakistan:

Sindh:

    Sindhri, Gulabkhas, Collector, Neelum

Punjab:

    Langra, Anwar Ratol, Fajri kalan, Samer Bahisht

NWFP:

    Langra and Samer Bahisht

Baluchistan:

    Sindhri and Banganpalli

Production Technology of Mango:

        Annual Crop Water call for 500-750 mm

Irrigation intervals:

• younger flowers                                                                                  7 days
• Mature trees in winter                                                                         15-20 days
• Mature timber in the summer season                                                   8-10 days

1. Observe farm yard manure at the price of 10-30 kg in keeping with younger plants and eighty to one hundred kg in keeping with completely grown trees.
2. Practice 3-4 kg SSP, 2-3 kg Potassium Sulphate, and a couple of three kg Urea before flowering (Dec to Jan). 
3. Observe a further 2-3  kg of Urea after fruit placing in equal doses (Mar/Apr).

Pruning:

    Mango generally assumes a swish dome form shading the primary trunk. No pruning is practiced but, annually after fruit harvest diseased, dried, damaged branches and those touching the ground ought to be pruned off. To rejuvenate the orchard after every three-four years it's far really helpful that 15-20% of vintage wood should be eliminated.

Harvesting:

    Choosing must be done while the fruit is fully advanced and mature. An herbal drop of the fruit is the primary indication that the fruit is prepared for selection. One-of-a-kind types in extraordinary areas ripe at one-of-a-kind instances. In Sindh, mango sorts start ripening from may also to June. In Punjab, ripening starts evolved from June and keeps up until mid-August. In NWFP, the harvest is later which enables the extension of the duration that mangoes are available. Predicted yields range from forty to one hundred kg in line with the tree.

Pests of mango and their control:

1. Fruit Flies: Fruit flies are a major pest of mango trees and can cause significant damage to the fruit. These flies lay their eggs in the mango fruit, which can cause the fruit to rot and become unmarketable.

• Control: To control fruit flies, farmers can use integrated pest management techniques such as the use of insecticide-treated baits, cover sprays, and releasing predators of the flies such as wasps. 

2. Powdery Mildew: Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that can cause yellowing and stunted growth of the leaves and defoliation of the mango tree.

• Control: To control powdery mildew, farmers can use fungicides and adopt cultural practices such as proper spacing between trees to increase air circulation.

3. Mango Shoot Borer: A mango shoot borer is a pest that attacks the shoots and young leaves of the mango tree, causing wilting and stunted growth.

• Control: To control mango shoot borer, farmers can use insecticides and adopt cultural practices such as pruning the infected shoots and keeping the tree clean of dead leaves and debris.

4. Mango Hopper: Mango hopper is a sap-sucking insect that can cause yellowing and wilting of leaves, as well as stunted growth of the tree.

• Control: To control mango hoppers, farmers can use insecticides and adopt cultural practices such as removing any weed growth around the tree.

Diseases of Mango and their control:

1. Mango anthracnose: This is a fungal disease that causes brown, sunken lesions on the fruit and leaves, leading to fruit rot and unmarketability.

• Control: To control mango anthracnose in Pakistan, farmers can use fungicides such as carbendazim, mancozeb, and copper-based fungicides, adopt proper orchard hygiene practices to reduce the spread of the disease, and avoid planting mango trees in areas with a history of the disease. 

2. Mango powdery mildew: This is a fungal disease that causes white powdery growth on the leaves and fruit, leading to leaf yellowing and defoliation.

• Control: To control mango powdery mildew in Pakistan, farmers can use fungicides such as wettable sulfur and iodine, adopt cultural practices such as proper spacing between trees to increase air circulation, and maintain the proper balance of nutrients in the soil. 

3. Mango scab: This is a fungal disease that causes circular, scabby lesions on the fruit, leaves, and twigs.

• Control: To control mango scabs in Pakistan, farmers can use fungicides such as benomyl and propiconazole, adopt proper orchard hygiene practices such as removing and disposing of infected leaves and fruit, and maintain the proper balance of nutrients in the soil.

4. Mango dieback: This is a bacterial disease that causes sudden wilting and death of mango branches.

• Control: To control mango dieback in Pakistan, farmers can use bactericides such as copper oxychloride and streptomycin, and adopt cultural practices such as pruning infected branches, avoiding over-fertilization, and maintaining soil moisture levels.

References:

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